Indicadores de infecção relacionados à assistência à saúde em um hospital de urgência e trauma / Indicators of infection related to health care in an emergency and trauma hospital

As infecções hospitalares caracterizam-se como um fator importante para a saúde pública, por tratar-se de infecções recorrentes, principalmente em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), que tem causando alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade, consequentemente aumento no tempo de internação e nos custos associados à internação. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os indicadores de infecção hospitalar na unidade de terapia intensiva e descrever a incidência das Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) na UTI. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado na UTI de um hospital de grande porte do estado de Goiás. Durante o período analisado, foram notificados 44 casos de IRAS pela SCIH e 1779 pacientes passaram pela unidade. A partir da análise das notificações nas Fichas Referência do SCIH no período de abril a junho de 2022, foi possível observar o registro de IRAS nos referentes meses do semestre na UTI II, com um número maior de ocorrências no mês de maio com 23 casos, e um menor número de casos em abril, com 10 casos notificados. Em relação aso indicadores a PAV destacou-se como o indicador mais prevalente e de grande relevância entre as IRAS notificadas a SCIH. Conclui-se que é extremamente necessário conhecer a importância e a efetividade que os indicadores possuem e como eles podem contribuir para desenvolver medidas eficazes de prevenção e controle de infecção, melhorando tanto a qualidade dos cuidados prestados quanto os custos e credibilidade do estabelecimento de saúde

Hospital infections are characterized as an important factor for public health, because they are recurrent infections, especially in intensive care units (ICU), which has caused a high morbidity and mortality rate, consequently an increase in hospitalization time and costs associated with hospitalization. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this study is to analyze the indicators of nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit and to describe the incidence of HAI in the ICU. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, conducted in the ICU of a large hospital in the state of Goiás. During the analyzed period, 44 cases of AIS were reported by SCIH and 1779 patients passed through the unit. From the analysis of the notifications in the SCIH Reference Forms from April to June 2022, it was possible to observe the record of IRAS in the referring months of the semester in ICU II, with a higher number of occurrences in The Month of May with 23 cases, and a smaller number of cases in April, with 10 cases reported. In relation to the indicators, VAP stood out as the most prevalent and relevant indicator among the HAI reported to SCIH. It is concluded that it is extremely necessary to know the importance and effectiveness that the indicators have and how they can contribute to develop effective measures for prevention and infection control, improving both the quality of care provided and the costs and credibility of the health establishment.

Infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria en un servicio de cirugía / Healthcare-Associated Infection in a Surgery Service

Introducción: Las infecciones posquirúrgicas se encuentran presente en todas las instituciones del mundo que cuentan con servicios quirúrgicos. Estas infecciones son causas prevenibles de eventos adversos graves en pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Caracterizar la morbimortalidad por infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria en pacientes de un servicio de cirugía. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo desde el 2017 hasta 2019 en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Militar "Mario Muñoz Monroy". La muestra fue de 114 pacientes que presentaron infección posquirúrgica del reporte de infecciones de las salas de cirugía, terapia intermedia e intensiva. Se recogieron variables demográficas, tipo de infección, factores de riesgo y letalidad que se agruparon en tablas para el procesamiento y análisis. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia global de infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria entre 2017-2019 fue de 2,3 por ciento. El sexo femenino representó el 67,5 por ciento del total. Los grupos de edad predominantes fueron mayores de 60 y menores de 80 años, con el 56,1 por ciento. Predominó la infección del sitio quirúrgico superficial en el 70,1 por ciento de los pacientes. El grado de contaminación de la cirugía fue el principal factor de riesgo con el 85,0 por ciento de los casos. El 79,8 por ciento del total de pacientes con infecciones presentaron comorbilidades. La letalidad global de los pacientes con infecciones fue de 12,2 por ciento. Conclusiones: Las tasas globales de infecciones asociadas demuestran eficiencia de la gestión asistencial. Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico es la infección nosocomial más frecuente, donde predomina la infección del sitio quirúrgico superficial. Los factores de riesgo principales son: comorbilidades, edad mayor de 60 años, cirugía de urgencia y el tabaquismo(AU)

Introduction: Postsurgical infections are present in every worldwide institution with surgical services. These infections are preventable causes of serious adverse events in hospitalized patients. Objective: To characterize morbimortality due to healthcare-associated infection in patients in a surgical service. Methods: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in the general surgery service of Hospital Militar "Mario Muñoz Monroy". The sample was 114 patients who presented postsurgical infection according to the reports from the surgical rooms or the intermediate and intensive care units. Demographic variables were gathered, at the same time with type of infection, risk factors and lethality, all of them grouped in tables for processing and analysis. Results: The global incidence rate of healthcare-associated infections between 2017 and 2019 was 2.3 percent. The female sex accounted for 67.5 percent of the total. The predominant age groups were above sixty years old and under eighty years old, accounting for 56.1 percent. Superficial surgical site infection predominated in 70.1 percent of the patients. The degree of surgical contamination was the main risk factor, accounting for 85.0 percent of the cases. Comorbilities were present in 79.8 percent of all the patients with infections. Overall lethality of patients with infections was 12.2 percent. Conclusions: The global rates of associated infections are demonstrative of efficient care management. Surgical site infections are the most frequent nosocomial infections, with a predominance of superficial surgical site infection. The main risk factors are comorbilities, age above sixty years, emergency surgery, and smoking(AU)

Infecciones asociadas al cuidado de salud en la unidad de quemados durante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2 / Healthcare-associated infections in the burn unit during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Introducción: a partir de la pandemia por Covid19 se reportó variabilidad en la incidencia de las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud (IACS). Con el objetivo de describir y comparar las tasas de IACS en la Unidad de Quemados de un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, antes y después del inicio de la pandemia se llevó a cabo este estudio. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, descriptivo, de vigilancia epidemiológica. Se registraron todos los eventos de IACS en la Unidad de Quemados desde el 01/07/2018 hasta el 31/06/2021. Se compararon las tasas de las IACS entre el período I (PI) previo a la pandemia (07/2018-12/2019) y el período II (PII) posterior al inicio de la misma (01/2020- 06/2021). Resultados: se registraron 74 episodios de IACS, en un total de 8232 pacientes-día. Se registró una tasa global de IACS similar en ambos períodos, 10,08 ‰ pacientes-día (PI) vs 7,34 ‰ pacientes-día (PII), sin encontrarse diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las tasas de bacteriemia asociada a catéter venoso central (BSI-CVC) 3,32 ‰ días uso de CVC (PI) vs 3,20 ‰ (PII), neumonía asociada a ARM 1.43 ‰ días de uso de ARM (PI) vs un 2.02 ‰ (PII), ni infección urinaria asociada a sonda vesical (SV) 7,36 ‰ días de uso de SV (PI) vs 3,64 ‰ (PII). Conclusiones: no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las tasas de IACS entre ambos períodos, lo cual podría justificarse con el estricto protocolo en control de infecciones implementado previo al inicio de la pandemia (AU)

Introduction: since the start of the Covid19 pandemic, variability in the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) has been reported. This study was conducted to describe and compare the rates of HAIs in the burn unit of a tertiary pediatric hospital before and after the onset of the pandemic. Material and methods: a retrospective, descriptive, epidemiological surveillance cohort study was conducted. All HAI events in the burn unit from 01/07/2018 to 31/06/2021 were recorded. HAI rates between the pre-pandemic period I (PI) (07/2018- 12/2019) and post-pandemic period II (PII) (01/2020-06/2021) were compared. Results: 74 episodes of HAI were recorded in a total of 8232 patient-days. There was a similar overall rate of HAIs in both periods, 10.08 ‰ patient-days (PI) vs 7.34 ‰ patient-days (PII), with no statistically significant differences found in the rates of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections (CVC-BSI) 3.32 ‰ days CVC use (PI) vs 3.20 ‰ (PII), ventilator-associated pneumonia 1. 43 ‰ days MV use (PI) vs a 2.02 ‰ (PII), or catheter-associated urinary tract infection 7.36 ‰ days catheter use (PI) vs 3.64 ‰ (PII). Conclusions: no statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of HAIs between both periods, which may be explained by the strict infection control protocol implemented prior to the onset of the pandemic (AU)

Determinants of late neonatal nosocomial infection: a case-control study in Ceará / Determinantes de infecção nosocomial tardia neonatal: estudo de caso-controle no Ceará

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To assess the determining factors of late healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and bacterial multiple drug resistance in neonatal intensive care. METHODS This is a case-control study, conducted between January 2013 and December 2017, in a neonatal intensive care unit in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Newborns showing late HAIs were considered cases and those without infection, the control. Variables with p-values ≤ 0.05 in our initial bivariate regressive analysis were included in a non-conditional hierarchical logistic model for multivariate analysis. P-values below 0.01 were considered significant. RESULTS Of the 1,132 participants, 427 (37.7%) showed late healthcare-associated infections. Of these, 54 (12.6%), positive blood cultures, of which 14.9% contained multidrug-resistant bacteria. Bivariate analysis showed the protective effect of the feminine phenotype (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.56-0.90) and of gestational ages ≥ 34 weeks (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.30-0.75). In earlier-born preterm infants, late infections were 18 times more likely in those with less than 30 week-gestations (OR = 18.61; 95%CI: 9.84-35.22) and four times higher in those weighing less than 1,500 g (OR = 4.18; 95%CI: 3.12-5.61). Mechanical ventilation increased infection odds by more than seven times (OR = 7.14; 95%CI: 5.26-9.09); as did parenteral nutrition (OR = 5.88; 95%CI: 4.54-7.69); central venous catheters (OR = 10.00; 95%CI: 6.66-16.66); the number of catheters used (OR = 3.93; 95%CI: 3.02-5.12); surgery (OR = 4.00; 95%CI: 2.27-7.14); and hospitalization time (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.05-1.07). The association between preterm infants with less than 30 week-gestations (OR = 5.62; 95%CI: 1.83-17.28); mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.26-2.68); central venous catheters (OR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.40-4.37); and hospitalization time (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.05-1.07) remained significant after adjustment. Among deaths, 41 (55.4%) were associated with late infections. CONCLUSION Better practices should be adopted in caring for the premature, as well as in the rational use of procedures, to avoid late healthcare-associated infections, preventable deaths, and risks of bacterial multiple drug resistance and environmental contamination.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar os fatores determinantes para infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) tardias em terapia intensiva neonatal e multirresistência bacteriana. MÉTODOS Estudo caso-controle em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal do Estado do Ceará, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2017. Considerado caso o recém-nascido notificado como IRAS tardia e, controle, aquele sem infecção. Variáveis com valor de p ≤ 0,05 em análise regressiva bivariada inicial foram incluídas em modelo logístico hierarquizado não condicional para análise multivariada. Valores de p menores que 0,01 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS Dos 1.132 participantes, 427 (37,7%) tiveram infecções tardias relacionadas a assistência à saúde, com 54 (12,6%) hemoculturas positivas e 14,9% dessas foram bactérias multirresistentes. Na análise bivariada observou-se efeito protetor do sexo feminino (OR = 0,71; IC95% 0,56-0,90) e recém-nascido ≥ 34 semanas (OR = 0,48; IC95% 0,30-0,75). Nos mais prematuros, as infecções tardias tiveram chance dezoito vezes maior em menores do que 30 semanas (OR = 18,61; IC95% 9,84-35,22); e nos menores de 1.500g, quatro vezes maior (OR = 4,18; IC95% 3,12-5,61). O uso de ventilação mecânica aumentou em mais de sete vezes a chance (OR = 7,14; IC95% 5,26-9,09); o mesmo aconteceu com o recurso da nutrição parenteral (OR = 5,88; IC95% 4,54-7,69), com o cateter venoso central (OR = 10,00; IC95% 6,66-16,66); o número de cateteres utilizado (OR = 3,93; IC95% 3,02-5,12); a realização de cirurgia (OR = 4,00; IC95% 2,27-7,14) e o tempo de internamento (OR = 1,06; IC95% 1,05-1,07). Permaneceram significativos após ajuste: prematuro menor do que 30 semanas (OR = 5,62; IC95% 1,83-17,28); uso de ventilação (OR = 1,84; IC95% 1,26-2,68); uso de cateter venoso central (OR = 2,48; IC95% 1,40-4,37) e tempo de internamento (OR = 1,06; IC95% 1,05-1,07). Dentre os óbitos, 41 (55,4%) foram associados às infecções tardias. CONCLUSÃO Melhores práticas devem ser adotadas no cuidado da prematuridade e o uso racional de procedimentos, para evitar infecções tardias relacionadas a assistência à saúde, óbitos preveníveis e riscos de multirresistência bacteriana e contaminação ambiental.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Related Nosocomial Infection after Cardiac Surgery in Adult Patients

Abstract Introduction: The evaluation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-related nosocomial infection (ECMO-related NI) in a homogeneous cohort remains scarce. This study analyzed ECMO-related NI in adult patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Methods: From January 2012 to December 2017, 322 adult patients who have received ECMO support after cardiac surgery were divided into the infection group (n=131) and the non-infection group (n=191). ECMO-related NI was evaluated according to demographic data, surgical procedures, and ECMO parameters. Results: The incidence of ECMO-related NI was 85.4 cases per 1000 ECMO days. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common pathogen causing blood stream infection and respiratory tract infection. Prolonged duration of surgery (P=0.042) and cardiopulmonary bypass assist (P=0.044) increased the risk of ECMO-related NI. Body mass index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.077; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.004-1.156; P=0.039) and duration of ECMO support (OR: 1.006; 95% CI: 1.003-1.009; P=0.0001) were the independent risk factors for ECMO-related NI. Duration of ECMO support > 144 hours (OR: 2.460; 95% CI: 1.155-7.238; P<0.0001) and ECMO-related NI (OR: 3.726; 95% CI: 1.274-10.895; P=0.016) increased significantly the risk of in-hospital death. Conclusion: Prolonged duration of ECMO support was an independent risk factor for NI. Surgical correcting latent causes of cardiopulmonary failure and shortening duration of ECMO whenever possible would reduce susceptibility to NI.

Oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO): una mirada desde la prevención de Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud (IAAS) / Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): an infection control perspective

Resumen La aparición de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 el año 2020 nos enfrentó a un aumento creciente y exponencial de pacientes con riesgo vital por falla respiratoria catastrófica y multisistémica que deben ser sometidos a ECMO para sobrevivir. Esto ha generado en nuestro país la aparición de Unidades de Tratamiento (ECMO) en hospitales en que antes no se disponía de este recurso o se realizaba como parte de las intervenciones en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), lo que constituye un nuevo desafío a los programas de control y prevención de infecciones de los centros de salud. Dado que al momento de la redacción de este documento no existe normativa nacional específica que se refiera a este tema, se propone un enfoque para prevención, control y vigilancia de infecciones asociadas a atención de salud en pacientes ECMO. Se presenta una revisión de los riesgos específicos a que están expuestos estos pacientes, definiendo qué medidas de prevención se requieren, proponiendo un conjunto de medidas específicas para instalación y mantención, así como orientación respecto de antibioprofilaxis y se sugiere qué eventos infecciosos vigilar.

Abstract The advent of SARS-CoV-2 disease in 2020 confronts us with a growing and exponential increase in patients at life risk due to catastrophic and multisystemic respiratory failure in need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to survive. This has generated in our country the establishment of ECMO treatment Units in hospitals where it was not carried out before or was carried out as part the interventions in Intensive Care Units (ICU), becoming a new challenge to the infection control and prevention programs. Given that at the time of writing this document there are no specific national regulations that refer to this issue, an approach is proposed for the prevention control and surveillance of nosocomial acquired infections in ECMO patients. A review of the specific risks to which these patients are exposed is presented, defining which prevention measures are required, proposing a specific bundle for installation and maintenance, as well as guidance regarding antibioprophylaxis and suggesting which infectious events to monitor.

Contaminação de aparelhos celulares da equipe de enfermagem em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público do noroeste paranaense / Contamination of cell phones from the nursing team in an intensive care unit in a public hospital in the northwest paranaense

O ambiente hospitalar é um dos locais com maiores chances de acontecer quadros de infecções, sendo um dos motivos a utilização irrestrita dos aparelhos celulares tanto por pacientes quanto por profissionais da saúde que não se preocupam com as boas práticas de higienização. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de micro­organismos em aparelhos celulares da equipe de enfermagem da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um hospital na região noroeste paranaense. Participaram da pesquisa 22 colaboradores da UTI, sendo colhidos swabs umedecidos em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) dos aparelhos celulares de cada um dos participantes e, posteriormente, as amostras foram incubadas e realizadas as análises microbiológicas. Além disso, aplicou-se um questionário para se conhecer sobre o manuseio do telefone celular por parte dos colaboradores. Na análise microbiológica, observou-se crescimento em todas as amostras de pelo menos um micro­organismo (100% nos meios Ágar Sal Manitol e Ágar Sangue, e 27,3% em Ágar MacConkey). Posteriormente, realizou-se comparação com as respostas do questionário e com o resultado da amostra, sendo que apenas 13,6% dos colaboradores relataram realizar sempre higienização dos aparelhos, porém também houve crescimento de micro­organismos nos aparelhos desses colaboradores. A partir dos dados obtidos, espera-se o envolvimento da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (CCIH) para desenvolver ações que reduzam a prevalência e a gravidade da contaminação no ambiente hospitalar.(AU)

Hospital environments are one of the most likely places for the development of infections, with one of the reasons being the unrestricted use of cell phones by both patients and health professionals, with disregard to good hygiene practices. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of microorganisms on cell phones of the nursing staff at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a hospital in the northwestern region of Paraná. A total of twenty-four ICU employees participated in the research. Swabs were collected from the cell phones of each participant and were then moistened in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. Subsequently, the samples were incubated, and a microbiological analysis was carried out. In addition, a questionnaire was applied to learn out about the employee's handling of the cell phone. From the microbiological analysis, growth of at least one microorganism (100% in the Agar Salt Mannitol and Blood Agar, and 27.3% in MacConkey Agar) could be observed in all samples. Subsequently, a comparison was made with the answers to the questionnaire and with the sample result, with only 13.6% of employees reporting that they always clean the devices. However, even the devices that were reported as being cleaned presented microorganisms. With the data obtained, the Hospital Infection Control Commission (HICC) is expected to be involved in order to develop actions to reduce prevalence, incidence, and the severity of contamination in hospital environments.(AU)

Presencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico en procedimientos gineco-obstétricos en un hospital de II nivel de atención, Honduras 2017-2018 / Presence of surgical site infection in obstetric-gynecological procedures in a level II care hospital, Honduras 2017-2018

OBJETIVO: Identificar la presencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico y factores de riesgo en pacientes sometidas a cirugías Gineco-Obstétricas de forma programada o de urgencia en un hospital de II nivel de atención en Honduras. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo; recopilando 226 fichas del registro de infección de sitio quirúrgico recuperadas de los expedientes clínicos brindados por el servicio de estadística del Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas. Captando pacientes sometidas a cirugías Gineco-Obstétricas, durante el 2017 y 2018. RESULTADOS: 99 fichas cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, reportando una edad de 24 años [RIQ, 19,0 - 30,0], peso 82,0 kg [RIQ, 51,7 - 98,25], talla 154 cm [150,0 - 158,0] y el IMC de 25,8 ± 3,6 kg/m2. Un 9,1% presento antecedentes de inmunosupresión. 5,1% presento ISQ. El 55.6% de las cirugías se realizó el mismo día de ingreso del paciente. El tiempo entre la profilaxis antibiótica y el comienzo de la intervención quirúrgica es de 60 minutos [RIQ, 40,0 - 160,0]. La duración de los procedimientos quirúrgicos son de 45 minutos [RIQ, 35,0 - 55,0]. Los microrganismos aislados en los cultivos fueron Cocos gram positivos (2/5), Enterococcus faecalis (1/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/5). CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de ISQ en cirugías Gineco-Obstétricas del HMCR es del 5.1%, identificando los siguientes factores de riesgo: edad extrema, obesidad, diabetes mellitus, estado inmunitario (VIH), profilaxis antibiótica (temprana); por último, la técnica y el tiempo quirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of surgical site infection and risk factors in patients undergoing Gynecological-Obstetric surgeries on a scheduled or emergency basis in a 2nd level of care hospital in Honduras. METHODOLOGY: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study, compiling 226 data sheets of the surgical site infection record recovered from the clinical records provided by the statistics service of the "Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas". Recruiting patients undergoing Gynecological-Obstetric surgeries, during 2017 and 2018. RESULTS: 99 tabs met the inclusion criteria, reporting an age of 24 [RIQ, 19.0 - 30.0], weight 82.0 kg [RIQ, 51.7 - 98.25], size 154 cm [150.0 - 158.0] and BMI of 25.8 ± 3.6 kg/m2. 9.1% have a history of immunosuppression. 5.1% present ISQ. 55.6% of surgeries were performed on the same day as the patient's admission. The time between antibiotic prophylaxis and the onset of surgery 60 minutes [RIQ, 40.0 - 160.0]. Duration of surgical procedures 45 minutes [RIQ, 35.0 - 55.0]. Isolated micro-morphisms in crops were Cocos gram positives (2/5), Enterococcus faecalis (1/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/5). CONCLUSION: The presence of ISQ in HMCR Gynecological-Obstetric surgeries is 5.1%, identifying the following risk factors: extreme age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, immune status (HIV), early antibiotic prophylaxis; finally, technique and surgical time.

Impacto de la primera ola pandémica de COVID-19 en el personal de salud en un hospital privado / Impact of the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 on health-care workers in a private hospital

El personal de salud (PS) está más expuesto que la población general a enfermar por SARS-CoV-2, por lo que debe utilizar elementos de protección personal (EPP) en todas las atenciones. El PS de Clínica Las Condes (CLC) que requirió licencia médica (LM) por COVID-19 durante el periodo de estudio, fue evaluado por Organismo Administrador según Ley 16.744, categorizando cada caso de contacto estrecho (CE) o contagio, en común o laboral. Además, fue contactado en su totalidad por equipo de RRHH y de IAAS, para conocer estado de salud, factores de riesgo y evolución. El objetivo fue caracterizar los casos y CE de PS que tuvieron LM, relacionándolas con diferentes eventos ocurridos en la institución y la comunidad durante el periodo comprendido entre el 12 de febrero y el 31 de julio. Un 21% del PS requirió LM en el periodo y un 12,97% presentó infección confirmada por PCR. En cuanto a la distribución por sexo y edad de casos y CE, esta no difiere de la distribución observada en el total de funcionarios de CLC. Se observa que, en los casos, la mayoría corresponde a categoría intrahospitalaria, en cambio los CE, la mayor parte correspondió a comunitario. En relación con casos confirmados intrahospitalarios, destaca que el primer caso ocurrió 63 días después del primer paciente hospitalizado en CLC con diagnóstico de COVID-19, y cuando ya estaba instalada la epidemia en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de Santiago , lo que refleja la efectividad de las medidas de prevención adoptadas al interior de CLC.

Health care workers (HCW) are at higher risk to get sick from SARS-CoV-2 than general population, so they must use personal protective equipment (PPE) in all care situations. The HCW at Clinica las Condes (CLC) that required a sick leave (SL) during the study period was evaluated by the Administrative Institution according to Law 16.744, which categorized each case of close contact (CC) or confirmed case, as community-acquired (CA) or health care-associated (HCA). In addition, all of them were traced by the HR and Infection Control team, to find out health status, risk factors and evolution. The aims were to characterize the confirmed cases and CC, their association with key events that occurred in the institution and the community between February 12th and July 31th. 21%

Assessing risk factors, mortality, and healthcare utilization associated with Clostridioides difficile infection in four Latin American countries

ABSTRACT Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections in Western countries. Risk factors, mortality, and healthcare utilization for CDI in Latin America are poorly understood. This study assessed risk factors and burden associated with nosocomial CDI in four Latin American countries. Methods: This retrospective, case-control study used databases and medical records from 8 hospitals in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico to identify nosocomial CDI cases from 2014 − 2017. Cases were patients aged ≥18 years with diarrhea and a positive CDI test ≥72 h after hospital admission. Two controls (without diarrhea; length of hospital stay [LOS] ≥3 days; admitted ±14 days from case patient; shared same ward) were matched to each case. CDI-associated risk factors were assessed by univariate and multivariable analyses. CDI burden (LOS, in-hospital mortality) was compared between cases and controls. Results: The study included 481 cases and 962 controls. Mean age and sex were similar between cases and controls, but mean Charlson comorbidity index (4.3 vs 3.6; p< 0.001) and recent hospital admission (35.3% vs 18.8%; p< 0.001) were higher among cases. By multivariable analyses, CDI risk was associated with prior hospital admission within 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.97), recent antibiotic use (ie, carbapenem; OR, 2.85; 95% CI: 1.75, 4.64), acid suppressive therapy use (OR, 1.71; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.58), and medical conditions (ie, renal disease; OR, 1.48; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.85). In-hospital mortality rate (18.7% vs 6.9%; p< 0.001) and mean overall LOS (33.5 vs 18.8 days; p< 0.001) were higher and longer, respectively, in cases versus controls. Conclusion: Antibiotic exposure, preexisting medical conditions, and recent hospital admission were major risk factors for CDI in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. CDI was associated with increased in-hospital risk of death and longer LOS. These findings are consistent with published literature in Western countries.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Candidemia in eight medical centers in the state of Parana, Brazil: Parana Candidemia Network

ABSTRACT Objectives: Candida spp. has been reported as one of the common agents of nosocomial bloodstream infections and is associated with a high mortality. Therefore, this study evaluated the clinical findings, local epidemiology, and microbiological aspects of candidemia in eight tertiary medical centers in the state of Parana, South of Brazil. Methods: In this study, we reported 100 episodes of candidemia in patients admitted to eight different hospitals in five cities of the state of Parana, Brazil, using data collected locally (2016 and 2017) and tabulated online. Results: The incidence was found to be 2.7 / 1000 patients / day and 1.2 / 1000 admissions. C. albicans was responsible for 49% of all candidemia episodes. Cancer and surgery were the two most common underlying conditions associated with candidemia. The mortality rate within 30 days was 48%, and removal of the central venous catheter (p = 0.029) as well as empirical or prophylactic exposure to antifungals were both related to improved survival (p = 0.033). Conclusions: This study highlights the high burden and mortality rates of candidemia in hospitals from Parana as well as the need to enhance antifungal stewardship program in the enrolled medical centers.

Demanda de culturas microbiológicas e prevalência de microrganismos em um hospital universitário de Pernambuco / Demand for microbiological cultures and prevalence of microorganisms in a university hospital of Pernambuco / Demanda de culturas microbiológicas y prevalencia de microrganismos en un hospital universitario de Pernambuco

Objetivo: verificar a demanda de hemoculturas, aspirados traqueais e uroculturas realizadas no HU-UNIVASF/ EBSERH e a prevalência dos microrganismos identificados no período de janeiro a junho de 2016. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo documental com abordagem quantitativa. Resultados: o setor de microbiologia realizou 488 hemoculturas, 427 uroculturas e 197 aspirados traqueais. A positividade de hemoculturas mostrou-se entre 10,9 à 25,7%, e o percentual de contaminações variou de 6,8 à 14,0%. Os microrganismos mais prevalência nas hemoculturas foram Staphylococcus epidermidis (23,7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19,3%) e Klebisiella pneumoniae (9,6%). Nas uroculturas foram Klebisiella pneumoniae (23,1%), Candida sp. (13,5%) e Escherichia coli (12,5%). Nos aspirados traqueais foram Acinetobacter baumannii (29,2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26,6%) e Staphylococcus aureus (16,2%). Conclusão: a cultura mais solicitada foi hemocultura. A bactéria mais prevalente nas hemoculturas foi Staphylococcus epidermidis, nos aspirados traqueais Acinetobacter baumannii e nas uroculturas Klebisiella pneumoniae

Objective: the study's purpose has been to verify the demand for blood cultures, tracheal aspirates and urine cultures performed at a University Hospital from the Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF/EBSERH), as well as the predominance of microorganisms identified over the period from January to June 2016. Methods: it is a retrospective documentary study with a quantitative approach. Results: the microbiology sector carried out 488 blood cultures, 427 urine cultures and 197 tracheal aspirates. The positivity of blood cultures was between 10.9 and 25.7%, and the percentage of contaminations ranged from 6.8 to 14.0%. The most prevalent microorganisms in blood cultures were Staphylococcus epidermidis (23.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.6%). In urine cultures were Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%), Candida sp. (13.5%) and Escherichia coli (12.5%). In tracheal aspirates were Acinetobacter baumannii (29.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.2%). Conclusion: the most requested culture was blood culture. The most prevalent bacterium in blood cultures was Staphylococcus epidermidis, in tracheal aspirates was Acinetobacter baumannii, and in urine cultures was Klebsiella pneumoniae

Objetivo: el propósito del trabajo es verificar la demanda de hemocultivos, aspirados traqueales y urocultivos realizados en el Hospital Universitário de la Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF/ EBSERH) y la prevalencia de los microorganismos identificados en el período de enero a junio de 2016. Métodos: este trabajo es un estudio retrospectivo documental con abordaje cuantitativo. Resultados: el sector de microbiología realizó 488 hemocultivos, 427 urocultivos y 197 aspirados traqueales. La positividad de hemocultivos se mostró entre el 10,9 al 25,7%, y el porcentaje de contaminaciones varía de 6,8 a 14,0%. Los microorganismos más prevalentes en los hemocultivos fueron Staphylococcus epidermidis (23,7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19,3%) y Klebsiella pneumoniae (9,6%). En los urocultivos fueron Klebisiella pneumoniae (23,1%), Candida sp. (13,5%) y Escherichia coli (12,5%). En los aspirados traqueales fueron Acinetobacter baumannii (29,2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26,6%) y Staphylococcus aureus (16,2%). Conclusión: la cultura más solicitada fue hemocultivo. La bacteria más prevalente en los hemocultivos fue Staphylococcus epidermidis, en los aspirados traqueales, Acinetobacter baumannii y en los urocultivos, Klebisiella pneumoniae

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infection in 472 Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), in order to guide better clinical prevention and treatment of nosocomial infection.@*METHODS@#The incidence of nosocomial infection, infection site, characteristics of pathogenic bacteria, drug sensitivity test results and infection risk factors of 472 non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2015 to September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 472 patients, 97 (20.6%) had nosocomial infection, mainly in the lower respiratory tract (41.2%), followed by oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and blood. A total of 71 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated, including Gram-negative (G@*CONCLUSION@#NHL patients show high nosocomial infection rate and lower respiratory tract infection is common. Hospital day, clinical stage, presence of bone marrow invasion, and neutrophil count in peripheral blood are independent risk factors.

Relationship between Stress Hyperglycemia and Catheter-related Urinary Tract Infection in Stroke Patients / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To verify the relationship between catheter-related urinary tract infection(CAUTI)and stress hyperglycemia during catheter retention in stroke patients. Methods We used nosocomial infection monitoring system to track the status of CAUTI in stroke patients in a hospital.The study cohort was all the patients who received retention catheterization from January 2016 to March 2020.According to the nested case-control design,multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between stress hyperglycemia and CAUTI in stroke patients with indwelling catheter. Results A total of 322 cases of CAUTI and 644 cases of non-CAUTI were enrolled in this study.The length of stay in the case group was(20.68 ± 3.73)d,significantly longer than that[(13.00 ± 4.01)d]in the control group(t=29.473,P <0.001).Compared with non-stress hyperglycemia,stress hyperglycemia posed a higher risk of CAUTI in the stroke patients with indwelling catheter(OR=2.020,95% CI=1.447-2.821,P=0.000)and led to the higher incidence of CAUTI in one thousand days(P<0.001). Conclusion Stress hyperglycemia in the stroke patients with indwelling catheter can significantly increase the risk of CAUTI.

Total antibiotic use in a state-wide area and resistance patterns in Brazilian hospitals: an ecologic study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Use of antibiotic and bacterial resistance is the result of a complex interaction not completely understood. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of entire antimicrobial use (community plus hospitals) on the incidence of bloodstream infections in intensive care units adjusted by socioeconomic factors, quality of healthcare, and access to the healthcare system. Design: Ecologic study using a hierarchical spatial model. Setting: Data obtained from 309 hospitals located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil from 2008 to 2011. Participants: Intensive care units located at participant hospitals. Outcome: Hospital acquired bloodstream infection caused by MDRO in ICU patients was our primary outcome and data were retrieved from São Paulo Health State Department. Socioeconomic and healthcare indexes data were obtained from IBGE (Brazilian Foundation in charge of national decennial census) and SEADE (São Paulo Planning and Development Department). Information on antimicrobial sales were obtained from IMS Brazil. We divided antibiotics into four different groups (1-4). Results: We observed a direct association between the use of group 1 of antibiotics and the incidences of bloodstream infections caused by MRSA (1.12; 1.04-1.20), and CR-Acinetobacter sp. (1.19; 1.10-1.29). Groups 2 and 4 were directly associated to VRE (1.72; 1.13-2.39 and 2.22; 1.62-2.98, respectively). Group 2 was inversely associated to MRSA (0.87; 0.78-0.96) and CR-Acinetobacter sp. (0.79; 0.62-0.97). Group 3 was inversely associated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.69; 0.45-0.98), MRSA (0.85; 0.72-0.97) and VRE (0.48; 0.21-0.84). No association was observed for third generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: The association between entire antibiotic use and resistance in ICU was poor and not consistent for all combinations of antimicrobial groups and pathogens even after adjusted by socioeconomic indexes. Selective pressure exerted at the community level seemed not to affect the incidences of MDRO infection observed in intensive care setting.

Factores de riesgo para infección del tracto urinario asociado al uso de catéter urinario permanente en pacientes adultos hospitalizados / Risk factors for urinary tract infection associated with the use of urinary catheters in hospitalized adult

Resumen La infección del tracto urinario asociada al catéter urinario permanente (ITU/CUP) es un problema relevante en los centros de salud por su alta frecuencia. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo de ITU en pacientes adultos con CUP. Material y Método: Estudio caso control efectuado entre los años 2010-2016 en el Hospital Militar de Santiago. Se realizó un análisis estadístico univariado y multivariado por medio del modelo de regresión logística binaria, con variables como edad, duración e indicación del dispositivo, algunas comorbilidades y la instalación del dispositivo luego de 15 días hospitalización. Resultado: Se obtuvo un total de 63 casos y 123 controles. Fueron variables predictoras de ITU/CUP la duración del CUP desde el séptimo día en adelante (OR 2,6 IC 1,4-4,9, p = 0,004) y la instalación del CUP con una estadía de hospitalización previa de 15 días y más (OR 7,8 IC 2,920,9 p = 0,000). No se encontró asociación con la edad mayor de 80 años, comorbilidades como diabetes y vejiga neurogénica e indicación de instalación. Conclusiones: Los resultados permiten focalizar las intervenciones, evaluando la necesidad real de indicación de CUP en pacientes con estadía hospitalaria previa de dos semanas y fomentar el retiro de CUP antes del séptimo día de uso.

Abstract Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a relevant problem in health centers because of its high frequency. Objective: To identify UTI risk factors in adult patients with urinary catheter. Material and Method: Control case study carried out between the years 2010-2016 at the Military Hospital of Santiago, Chile. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed using the binary logistic regression model, variables such as age, duration and indication of the device, some comorbidities and the installation of the device after 15 days of hospitalization. Result: A total of 63 cases and 123 controls were obtained. Predictive variables of CAUTI for the duration of the urinary catheter from the 7th day onwards (OR 2.6 IC 1.4-4.9, p = 0.004) and the installation of the urinary catheter with a previous hospital stay of 15 days and more (OR 7.8 CI 2.9-20.9 p = 0.000). No association was found in age over 80 years, comorbidities such as diabetes and neurogenic bladder and indication. Conclusions: The results permitted to focus the interventions, evaluating the real need for indication of CUP in patients with previous hospital statistics of 2 weeks and encouraging the withdrawal of CUP before the 7th day of use.

Factores relacionados con letalidad en pacientes con bacteriemia hospitalizados por patología médica en una institución de tercer nivel en Colombia, 2014-2016 / Case fatality rate-related factors in patients with bacteremia hospitalized due medical conditions in an institution of third level in Colombia, 2014-2016

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo son un problema creciente y actualmente son una amenaza para la salud pública. La bacteriemia representa aproximadamente 15% de todas las infecciones nosocomiales y afecta a 1% de los pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de episodios de bacteriemia nosocomial ocurridos en un hospital colombiano. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal, con inclusión de pacientes adultos, hospitalizados por el Servicio de Medicina Interna en el Hospital Universitario de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia, durante los años 2014 a 2016. El protocolo fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Industrial de Santander. Resultados: Se revisaron 450 historias clínicas, con 148 pacientes y 182 aislados microbianos. Los antecedentes más frecuentes fueron: hipertensión arterial (46,6%) e infección por VIH (29,7%). El sistema vascular y urinario ocuparon los sitios anatómicos más frecuentes (37,3 y 38,3%, respectivamente). La letalidad fue de 29%. Los patógenos más frecuentemente aislados fueron: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (en suma: 49,8%) y Staphylococcus aureus 12,1%. El análisis multivariado mostró relación de la anemia con mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR = 17,3; IC95% 2,95-102,0). Conclusiones: La bacteriemia es una infección frecuente durante la atención hospitalaria que presenta gran mortalidad. Es destacable el predominio de aislados de enterobacterias multiresistentes. El antecedente de infección por VIH es uno de los más frecuentes el que amerita ser evaluado como grupo de riesgo.

Abstract Background: Bloodstream infections are an increasing problem and currently represent a threat to public health, overcoming diseases such as HIV. Bacteremia accounts for approximately 15% of all nosocomial infections and affects 1% of all hospitalized patients. Aim: To describe the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristic of episodes of nosocomial bacteremia occurring in a Colombian hospital. Methods: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study including adult patients, hospitalized in the internal medicine unit at the University Hospital of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia, during years 2014 to 2016, who met the criteria of the CDC for bloodstream infection. The protocol was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Industrial University of Santander. Results: We reviewed 450 clinical records with 148 patients and 182 microbiological isolates. 53% were male. The most frequent comorbidities were: high blood pressure (46.6%), HIV infection (29.7%). The vascular and urinary systems were the most frequent anatomical sites as the source of the infection (respectively 37.3% and 38.3%). Case fatality rate was 29%. The pathogens most frequently isolated were: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (globally: 49.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus 12.1%. The multivariate analysis showed a relationship between anemia and in-hospital mortality (OR = 17.3, 95%CI 2.95-102.0). Conclusions: Bacteremia is a frequent infection during hospital care that presents high mortality. It is noteworthy the predominance of Enterobacteriaceae isolates with broad profiles of resistance. The history of HIV infection is one of the most frequent which deserves to be evaluated as a risk group.

Healthcare-associated infections in a cardiac surgery service in brazil

Abstract Objectives: The study aimed to determine the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and their sites in a cardiac surgery service, as well as to determine if gender and age were risk factors for infection and to quantify mortality and increase in the hospital length of stay (LOS) due to HAI. Methods: Medical records of patients who underwent cardiac surgery from January 2012 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Data on age, gender, mortality, occurrence of HAI during hospitalization, and LOS were collected. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student's t-test, while categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test or chi-square test. Results: Among the 195 patients available, the HAI rate in our service was 22.6%, with female gender being a risk factor for infections (odds ratio [OR]=2.23; P=0.015). Age was also a significant risk factor for infections, with a difference in the mean age between the group with and without infection (P=0.02). The occurrence of an infectious process increased the LOS in 14 days (P<0.001) and resulted in higher mortality rates (P=0.112). A patient who has HAI was approximately 19 times more likely to remain hospitalized for more than nine days (P<0.001). Conclusion: Age and gender were risk factors for the development of HAI and the occurrence of an infectious process during hospitalization significantly increases the LOS. These findings may guide future actions aimed at reducing the impact of HAI on the health system.

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks: a global problem in healthcare settings

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in hospital settings has rapidly emerged worldwide as a serious health problem. METHODS: This review synthetizes the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, highlighting resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the genetic mechanisms of resistance as well as the associated risk factors is critical to develop and implement adequate measures to control and prevent acquisition of nosocomial infections, especially in an intensive care unit setting.